Iraqi journal of biotechnology

From Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms to Phenotypes: Comparative Analysis between Genome Wide Association (GWAS) and Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Mapping: A Review Article

2025-08-09T19:49:16+02:00

This review provided a broad overview of the basic theory, methodology and applications of Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping, two cornerstone technologies in plant genetics. This will be combined with an introduction of GWAS and QTL mapping, emphasizing the function of these methods to identify genetic variations underlying plant complex traits. Additionally, we explored the statistical models behind both methods, understanding the science behind regression models, including linear and logistic regression, but also addressing Type I and Type II errors and methods to minimize them, highlighting the keys such as multiple testing correction, replication and functional validation. the review also showed the practical applications of GWAS and QTL mapping in agriculture, crop improvement, livestock breeding and sustainable farming. Examples like flood resistant rice and drought tolerant maize showed the power of these technologies. Finally, the review discussed the challenges and future directions in the agriculture field including the integration of new technologies like CRISPR and high throughput phenotyping.

Study of Cytopathic and Histopathic Effect for the Novel Serotype SAT2 of Foot and Mouth Disease in Iraq

2025-08-09T19:55:28+02:00

Superinfection of bovine continuously infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) that bring about economic losses because the livestock around the globe is the major trade barrier, in addition to decrease milk production and weight gain. Biological samples (101) as epithelial tissue of tongue and gum of infected animal with FMD were collected from, 47 cattle and 54 buffalo during the period extended between the 15^th May- 2022 to end of April-2023 of several regions in some Iraqi governorates. This work aimed to study the cytopathic and histopathic effect of diagnosed FMDV/SAT2. Because virus isolation is the gold stander in diagnostic procedures of this disease, so one step polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to diagnose the virus. Then investigate serotype SAT2 using QIAGEN® One-step reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) Kit. The result revealed that fifty-six sample (35 buffalo and 28 cattle) were positive for FMDV/SAT2. Vero cell lines, primary lamb kidney cell, primary lamb testis cell and primary fetal lamb kidney applied in study of cytopathic effects (CPE) compared with monolayer control after 24-72hours to find out changes in the morphological of infected cells. Epithelial tissue of tongue used for detection the pathological lesions, the result of histopathic study appeared necrosis and hydropic degeneration are the most important features compared with control.

Association of Interleukin-1 beta Gene Polymorphisms with Susceptibility to Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients

2025-08-09T19:59:58+02:00

A persistent infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Although antiviral therapy, monitoring, and liver cancer surveillance are not considered therapeutic, they can lower morbidity and mortality. The Polymorphic gene IL1B analyzed in a total of 45 individuals: 30 patients with chronic hepatitis B from different cities of Iraqi recruited the Hospital for diseases of the digestive system and liver in Baghdad between November 2022 to February 2023 and 15 controls. Genomic DNA was obtained from both patients and control and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was perform with specific primer designed to target the promoter region of IL-1β gene, followed by sequencing. Serum concentrations of IL-1β were measured using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The results showed serum levels of IL-1B which significantly decreased (P≤0.01), from 1.10-+0.09 in hepatitis specimen in comparison with the level in healthy controls 7.58± 0.28. The results also revealed that the age group ˃ 30 years have a significant (P≤0.01) low level of IL-1B (0.83±0.06) in comparison with the age group ≤ 30 years (1.71±1.36). The molecular results suggested that IL-1B single nucleotide polymorphism (insertion/deletion) is probably associated with susceptibility to HBV chronic infection patients, the sequencing alignment data for 30 samples from patients with hepatitis B were compared to 15 control samples. The findings indicated frame shifts (deletion) in 124 and 125 positions in patients’ comparison with control groups. The results showed a cystosine base pair (C) in the patient group, while the control group noticed a deletion. In conclusion, the results suggest that IL-1B is probably associated with susceptibility to hepatitis B virus chronic infection.

Molecular Detection of Some Virulence Genes in K. pneumonia Coinfection with COVID -19 Iraq Infection

2025-08-09T20:05:35+02:00

The coronavirus pandemic of 2020 was caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease with severe acute respiratory syndrome that was first discovered in Wuhan, China. Since then, it has spread throughout the world. Co-infections between viruses and bacteria are among the deadliest medical conditions, with greater fatality rate. Research on bacterial superinfections in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is scarce. COVID-19 patients are at risk for colonization with K. pneumonia and hospital-acquired infections. Therefore, Infections with K. pneumonia, particularly those caused by extremely virulent strains, may make COVID-19 more difficult to treat. Fifty sample of COVID-19 infection collected and detected positive by (RT) PCR with 50 apparently control healthy sample than we cultured 50 sputum and nasal pharyngeal swabs for all COVID19 positive samples ,fifty sample of coinfection bacterial in the COVID19 patients identified by A- Vietk-2system ,B-confirmed by molecular detection PCR , The fifty-isolate distributed as 27 (54 %) k. pneumonia, 6 (12 %) E. coli, P. aeruginosa 15 (30%), other bacteria 2(4%)the k. pneumonia is the largest number of coinfection . The results of the current study demonstrated a positive correlation between the presence of certain virulence genes and the ability of bacterial isolates to resist antibiotics. Certain virulence genes (rmpA, mrkA, and iuCc, ybts, magA,) have been found by molecular means. our study was done by conventional PCR technique. we found Klebsiella pneumonia isolates which was found rmpA18(66%) of this isolates at bp 535, then 7(25%)) isolate were positive for mrkA gene at 115bp,whereas iucC gene was recorded in 15(55%) isolates at bp 1075 , magA found in 3 (11%) at 1283, and ybts found in 20(74%) at 242 bp.

Association of Circulating Long Noncoding RNA GAS5 are Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2025-08-09T20:09:43+02:00

Hyperglycemia, or abnormally high blood sugar levels, is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus (DM), a serious metabolic illness caused by the body's incapacity to either create or use insulin as intended. This study was designed investigated the relationship between the expression levels of the long noncoding RNA GAS5 (LNCRNA GAS5) and various biochemical parameters in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared to a control group of apparently healthy individuals. The study included the collection of blood samples from 50 suspected T2DM patients who attended the AL-Furat General Hospital in Baghdad after medical investigation and 50 apparently healthy individuals as a control group for the period from July 2023 to November 2023. The Serum Biochemical parameters were analyzed after the collection of the sample to observe the changes among T2DM cases and healthy controls. In the present study, the age was classified into three groups 40–50 years, 50-60 years and > 60 years with highly significant differences (p<0.001) in biochemical parameters (RBS, HbA1c and C. peptide). the GAS5 levels were decreased in T2DM calculated ratios for GAS5 gene fold expression in the patients compared to healthy groups were 0.73, and 1.00, respectively were highly significant differences p<0.001. GAS5 expression profiles did not show a significant correlation with clinical parameters, including random blood sugar (RBS) and HbA1c. The ROC analysis revealed the cutoff GAS5 value of the predictive cut-off value of (0.16) Analysis indicated an area under the curve (AUC) of ROC of 0.81 (95% CI: 72.3%, 92.6%) with 74% sensitivity and 88% specificity with. (p≤ 0.001). in distinguishing non-diabetic from diabetic subjects. The positive predictive value is 71.4%. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the potential circulating LNCRNA GAS5 expression level is important in the diagnosis and progression pathogenesis of T2DM. The findings highlight the potential utility of GAS5 as a biomarker for distinguishing between diabetic and non-diabetic individuals.

Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Phenolic Compounds Extracted from Camellia sinensis and Evaluate its Effect on the Gene Expression of pelA Gene in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2025-08-09T20:15:06+02:00

The purpose of this study to extract phenolic compounds from Camellia sinensis, investigate their antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties, and apply them to certain virulence genes that are involved in the production of biofilm in multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Twenty-five isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected from the Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology labs at Baghdad University. Using the VITEK-2 technology and growing the isolates on cetrimide agar, the diagnosis was verified. Extracts of Camellia sinensis leaves are created methanolic and aqueous, respectively, using the maceration technique and the Soxhlet equipment. The results indicated that, at concentrations of 128 and 256 mg/ml, As compared to the aqueous extract, the methanolic extract demonstrated greater efficacy, giving the highest inhibition zone values of 19.33 and 23.67 mm, respectively, when compared to the aqueous extract, which gave inhibition zones of 14.33 and 19.00 mm, respectively. All P. aeruginosa isolates had MIC of 4 mg/ml for the methanolic extract, with the exception of isolates No. 1, 2, and 10, which had MICs of 8 mg/ml and 16 mg/ml, respectively, the MIC of an aqueous extract for five P. aeruginosa isolates was 16 mg/ml, for four isolates it was 32 mg/ml, and for isolate No. 10, it was 64 mg/ml. The methanolic leaf extract of C. sinensis completely prevented P. aeruginosa from forming biofilms at a concentration of 8 mg/ml, whereas the aqueous extract completely inhibited P. aeruginosa isolates' ability to produce biofilms at a concentration of 16 mg/ml. Investigating the virulence gene pelA, which is responsible for P. aeruginosa biofilm formation, the gene expression data revealed reduced pelA gene levels following treating with the methanolic extract’s sub-MIC in contrast to the untreated isolates.

Molecular Detection of bae16 and bace16 of Bacillus subtilis and their Bio-control Efficiency Against Nematodes that Infect Cucumber Plants

2025-08-09T20:22:35+02:00

This study aims to detect the qualitative detection of Npb and Apb genes responsible for producing neutral proteases (Bea16) and alkaline serine proteases (Bace16), which are among the main proteases produced by Bacillus subtilis that affect nematodes, and determine the extent of their effect on nematode cuticle degradation with increasing exposure time. B. subtilis is a wild type of bacteria present in the soil and can produce various proteases, some of which may be effective against nematodes. In the current study, B. subtilis was isolated from the soil and identified molecularly based on a conserved region in the 16S rRNA. Real-time PCR amplified the Npb and Apb genes extracted from B. subtilis for the qualitative detection of their genes, and the results of the qualitative detection showed the presence of genes at C_t 27.91, 27.33 for Npb, and C_t 33.51, 35.09 for Apb, respectively. After nematodes (second-stage juvenile) isolates were treated with 10, 20, 30, 40, and 100% crude extracts at 24, 48, and 72 h, the in vitro experiments after 72 h of exposure showed that 30, 40, and 100% crude dilutions had the highest event mortality rates, with averages of 90.7%, 97.3%, and 96.7%, respectively. This is due to the crude extract containing some proteases produced by B. subtilis that can affect nematodes, including neutral and alkaline serine. This study found that among the various proteases produced by B. subtilis that can impact nematodes, B. subtilis can make two intriguing ones: Bae16 and Bace16. These proteases, along with others, may degrade the nematode's cuticle.

The Role of HAV Infection Diagnostic Methods in Detection of Liver Function in Sample of Iraqi Patients

2025-08-09T20:28:19+02:00

Hepatitis A virus infection is a health threat with multiple transmission patterns across areas. This study aimed to use HAV diagnostic methods, including reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test, anti-HAV IgM antibodies, and biochemical analysis to assess liver function. A total of 110 Iraqi individuals participated in this study, comprising 60 HAV-infected patients (Patient group) and 50 healthy controls. The study was conducted from December 2022 to July 2023. Blood samples were collected for HAV antibody titers and RT-PCR confirmation of infection. Liver function tests measured alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and total serum bilirubin (TSB) in serum. Our results showed that HAV RNA was detected in samples by RT-PCR, demonstrating the effectiveness of molecular methods in diagnosing HAV infection. Higher levels of HAV IgM antibodies in patients compared to healthy individuals indicated acute infection. Biochemical testing revealed abnormalities in liver function markers in HAV-infected individuals, including elevated ALT, AST, ALP, and total serum bilirubin. This study highlights the benefits of liver function tests in assessing liver damage and diagnosing hepatitis. It emphasizes the need for accurate diagnosis and management of HAV infection to better understand its prevalence and health impact.

Identification of the mecA Gene and Evaluation of Biofilm Formation and Presence of IcaB Gene in Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Eye Infection

2025-08-09T20:32:48+02:00

Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequent ocular infection that irritates the cornea and conjunctivitis. Determining the function of the biofilm gene (icaB) in S. aureus isolated from eye infection is the goal of the study. Through the identification of the mecA gene, the study assessed the presence of the icaB gene. Between the beginning of September 2023 and the end of January 2024, 125 patients with a clinical diagnosis of bacterial eye infections were seen in Ibn Al-Haitham Teaching Hospital, Baghdad city. The result of study of 125 swap specimen, 55 (44%) specimen were given positive results for infections caused by pathogenic bacteria and/or fungus, or other species of staphylococci, while 70 (56%) specimen were given negative results, which mean the infection caused by other agents. However among 55 positive bacterial isolation swap was 42 isolate (76%) were given positive results for bacterial infections, as (Pseudomonas, Streptococcus spp, Aspergillus spp, Escherichia coli, Proteus spp and others), while 13 (24%) specimen were S. aureus, depending on the morphologic characteristics of this bacterium on the culture media and biochemical tests included manual conventional biochemical tests and automated biochemical tests. Molecular detection was conducted using Polymerase Chain Reaction technique of icaB and mecA gene with 117bp, and 533bp respectively, conclusion: 100% of isolates had the icaB gene, while 69% had the mecA gene.

Evaluate the Correlation between the Expression of Androgen Receptor Gene and level of Some Interluken in Semen Sample with Varicocele

2025-08-09T20:37:32+02:00

A varicocele is an anomalous enlargement and twisting of the veins in the spermatic cord. Varicoceles are a prevalent condition in the general population and are often discovered during normal medical examinations. However, they are the most frequent correctable cause of male factor infertility. The aim of the current study was design to investigate the immunological parameters, gene expression profiles, and their correlations in varicocele and non-varicocele oligospermic patients compared to healthy controls, providing insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying male infertility. A total of 120 human male personals were involved in this study over the period from October 2023 to January 2024. Seminal fluid samples were collected from patients who were diagnosed with varicocele confirmed oligospermia (40 samples) and non-varicocele oligospermia (40 samples), in addition to 40 healthy males as control. Demographically, the distribution of the study groups according to age (20-35 and 36-50) among different groups showed no significant variation. The mean age was 34.97±6.5, 31.23±6.7 and 32.0±7.5 for control, varicocele, and non-varicocele oligospermia patients, respectively. According to body mass index, no significant differences in mean of BMI among groups was observed. With respect to alcohol consumption, all participants were non-alcohol consumer, while the distribution of smoking habit among groups revealed a significant difference for varicocele smoking patients (73%) and non-varicocele oligospermic smokers (77%) compared with the proportion of smoking control (22%). The level of IL-18 and Il-37 was estimated in the seminal plasma of tested groups using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA) technique. The seminal plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-18 were significantly elevated in both varicocele and non-varicocele oligospermic patients compared with control, suggesting its potential role in the pathogenesis of these conditions. Interestingly, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-37 was also significantly increased, possibly as a compensatory mechanism to counterbalance the pro-inflammatory state. Notably, the level of seminal anti-sperm antibodies (ASAbs) was significantly higher in varicocele patients compared to the other groups, indicating an autoimmune component in varicocele-related male infertility. The role of androgen receptor (AR) gene expression in varicocele disease was detected using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The fold of gene expression results by RT-PCR technique revealed a significant downregulation of (AR) gene expression in varicocele patients compared with control. In conclusion, no significant correlation was found between the expression of AR and the levels of IL-18, IL-37, or ASAbs, indicating that the alterations in these parameters may involve distinct molecular pathway.

Molecular Detection of InvA and Sop Genes in Salmonella spp. Isolates from Stool Samples of some Iraqi Patients

2025-08-09T20:41:20+02:00

Salmonella typhimurium is the main cause of gastrointestinal diseases for the human population and one of the most dangerous foodborne bacteria. This study aims to detect the occurrence of different important resistance genes in Salmonella typhimurium. Stool samples were collected from some hospitals in Baghdad-Iraq from different patients for bacterial isolation. 110 samples aggregate and identified by morphological tests and affirmed using the vitek-2 system. Antibiotic sensitivity tests of fourteen isolates belonging to clinical samples were spread by agar diffusion method. The result showed that Salmonella showed the diameters of the inhibition zones for 7 antibiotics and the antimicrobial Susceptibility rate of 14 Salmonella Isolates while a genomic DNA kit was used to extract bacterial genome from isolates then screened for virulence and resistance genes mainly InvA and Sop performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition, the study showed that InvA and Sop genes are found in all the 24 isolate which means even asymptomatic patients had resistance genes.

Molecular Detection of fur and Iron Responsive Genes in Local Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Wounds and Burns

2025-08-09T20:44:14+02:00

Fourty samples were obtained from burns and wounds, from various ages. specimens were collected through the period extending from February to December 2022, from patients were admitted in AL-kindy hospital,Alnumaan teaching hospital,Ibn-albaladi for women and children and Imam Ali hospital in Baghdad. Identification of isolates were performed by biochemical and cultural tests, the results revealed that all isolates were P. aeruginosa. Conventional PCR (Polymerase Chain Reactin) was also used to confirm these isolates as P. aeruginosa by detection of 16 SrRNA but the results showed that this gene was located in only 30(75%) out of 40 biochemically P. aeruginosa isolates. PCR was also used to screen fur gene and iron responsive genes which are (pvd ,pch ,exoS and exoA) of the thirty isolates of P.aeruginosa and results revealed that exoS gene was located in only 14(46.6%) out of 40 isolates, while for pvd gene results revealed only 21(70%) of isolates were consist of this gene out of 30 P. aeruginosa isolates, for pch gene 15(50%) of isolates were consist of this gene out of 30 P. aeruginosa isolates, 20 (66.6%) were appeared to have for exoAgene out of 30 P. aeruginosa and 27(90%) of isolates were positive for fur gene. The source of these isolates which was burn swab n=20 (66.6%) and wound swab n =10 (33.3%).

Inhibitor Effect of Cinnamomum cassia Hexane Extract- Chitosan Nanoencapsulated on fimA and mrkA Biofilm Genes in Klebsiella Pneumoniae Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections

2025-08-09T20:48:18+02:00

Among the phytochemicals extracted from Cinnamomum cassia bark using hexane, which revealed the presence of terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids and phenols. Once 100 Klebsiella isolates from 170 UTI samples were morphologically cultured, only 60 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates could be identified using conventional bacteriological and morphological methods. A highly pure RNA sample was collected. The three K. pneumoniae isolates were tested for fimA and mrkA gene mRNA expression compared with rrsE gene (housekeeping) using RT-qPCR. The RT-qPCR results show that when exposed to subMIC CHEx and CHCsNPs, respectively, the expression of the fimA gene significantly decreased (p≥ 0.05) as compared to the control group. This study utilizes quantitative RT-qPCR screening of the mrkA gene to uncover variations in gene expression among three distinct K. pneumoniae isolates. The mrkA gene Ct value ranging from 6.0 to 8, and did not differ statistically according to the analysis. K. pneumoniae bacteria secrete a many toxin, because the mrkA gene was not strongly expressed.

Estimation of JAK2 Serum Level and Gene Expression in Diabetes Type 2 Patients

2025-08-09T20:53:36+02:00

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial not-communicable disease that is characterized by insulin resistance and chronic sub-clinical inflammation. This research aimed to study the role of biochemical and immunological marker (IL23) level its effect on the gene expression of JAKs in T2DM. The study divided participants into two groups: 60 with T2DM and 60 control aged 35-74 who attended Sheikh Zayed Hospital from Nov 2023 to Jan 2024. Participants underwent blood sampling to extract RNA for JAK2 transcript analysis using cDNA synthesis in RT-PCR, additionally the research also assessed the clinicopathological traits of diabetic patients and IL-23 concentration using ELISA. Type 2 diabetic patients showed significantly high JAK2 expression. The study found a correlation between IL-23 concentration, JAK2 expression level, and they may act as clinicopathological aspects like HBA1C and FBS levels. In conclusion, T2 DM had elevated JAK2 and IL-23 levels Therapeutic targets of the disease linked to disease activity and pathophysiology may exist.

Study the Relationship of Biochemical and Immunological (IL-23) Level and SOCS3 Expression in Diabetes Type 2 Patients

2025-08-09T20:56:48+02:00

diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder distinguished by chronically high blood glucose levels, includes thirst, weight loss, and excessive urination. In diabetic patients, there is a correlation between the overexpression of the cellular signaling inhibitor SOCS3 and both insulin resistance and glucose levels. The present research aims to examine the impact of IL-23 on the expression of the SOCS3 gene. In the present study, 120 individuals were Involved between November 2023 and January 2024, 60 of whom were diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) treated with Glucophage and Amaryl, excluding patients who use sitagliptin as a treatment `and the remaining 60 were apparently healthy. To evaluate the level of SOCS3 Each and every individual had blood samples taken and RNA was extracted. cDNA synthesis was performed, and real-time PCR was used for analysis. Compared to healthy individuals, SOCS3 gene expression was upregulated in T2DM patients (fold change: 3.75). Moreover, T2DM patients had elevated IL-23 levels, suggesting a correlation with disease activity.in conclusion, our findings indicate that SOCS3 expression and IL-23 are positively linked with insulin resistance indicators in a diabetic environment.

Detection of ERG11 and CDR1 Genes among Fluconazole-Resistant Candida albicans Isolated from Women with Vaginitis

2025-08-09T21:06:09+02:00

Vulvovaginitis caused via Candida species is a common fungal infection among adult and pregnant femals especially with C. albicans. Fluconazole resistance has been reported more frequently by researchers from around the world. The goals of this study were to determine the prevalence of Candida albicans among suspected vaginitis women, evaluate their ability to form biofilm, and the susceptibility profiles of isolates to fluconazole, as well as the molecular detection of some fluconazole resistance genes.The study included 250 women ages 18 to 45 who were Candida attending specialist hospitals in Baghdad, Iraq. Candida spp. was identified using standard methods and biochemical tests after Vaginal smears were cultured on selective HiChrom Candida Differential agar and (SDA).Out of the 250 vaginal smears collected, 150 (60%) isolates of fungal were isolated, with 50 (33.3%) were Candida albicans and 100 (66.6%). Out of 50 Candida albicans isolates which tested by microtiter plate assay, 21(42%) isolates form a strong biofilm, while 19 (38%) isolates were the moderate producer, and only 7(14%) isolates were weak a biofilm formation. The identification of the Candida spp. by PCR confirmed the primary identification, using the primers from 18S rRNA gene, the PCR assays exhibited the detection of fluconazole resistance genes (CaERG11, and CaCDR1), where these genes were found in all flucanazole resistant isolates with strong biofilm formation ability. It was concluded that high prevalence of Candida isolates with high antifungal resistance among Iraqi females patients with Vulvovaginitis indicates the importance of regular screening and routine examination for candidiasis in Iraqi hospital.

The Relationship Between the Biosimilar (Ixifi®) Trough Level, and the Biomarkers Rheumatoid Factor, and Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibody Levels in a Selected Sample of Iraqi Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

2025-08-09T21:09:20+02:00

Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory autoimmune disorder that affects large and small joints. Ixifi, a biosimilar medication, is produced from infliximab, a protein that targets Tumor Necrosis Factor-α exclusively. The study determines the effect of Ixifi trough level on disease activity, rheumatoid factor, and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody. A cross-sectional observational study, which included forty-two patients, who had a diagnosis of Rheumatoid arthritis. Three months after initiation of the Ixifi therapy, Ixifi level, CDAI, Anti-CCP, and RF biomarkers were determined. The Ixifi trough level was )5.45 ± 0.28µg/ml) in remission and )3.57 ± 0.14 µg/ml), (2.2 ± 0.17 µg/ml), and (0.66 ± 0.14µg/ml) in the mild, moderate, and severe groups, respectively. The Rheumatoid Factor serum level for the remission was (24.94 ± 0.92 IU/ml), mild was (35 ± 1.93 IU/ml), moderate and severe groups were (60.55 ±1.89 IU/ml) and (70 ±3.18 IU/ml), respectively. Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide, the serum level for the remission was (22.25 ±1.35 IU/ml), for the mild was (31±1.62 IU/ml), and for the moderate and severe groups was (57.18±2.54 IU/ml, and 67 ±2.3 IU/ml) respectively. The decrease in the Ixifi levels leads to an increase in disease severity and inflammation, whereas high concentrations of Ixifi decrease the disease activity, Rheumatoid Factor, and Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibody Serum.

Study The Relation between the IL-6 Fold Increase in Expression and the Type of Bacteria Causing Sepsis in Burn Patients in Baghdad Governorate

2025-08-09T21:12:41+02:00

June 6, 2024 / Accepted: June 14, 2024 / Published: July 5, 2025

Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a well-established indicator of inflammation and is one of the first immune responses to occur in cases of sepsis. It is possible to assess serum levels quickly, typically within a few hours. The precise clinical importance of IL-6 in the initial phase of sepsis in burn individuals remains unverified. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic significance of IL-6 in burn patients with suspected sepsis, specifically in relation to bacterial infection. 44 patients with age (1.5–75 years), and 19 healthy controls with the same age range, were involved in this study during their attendance to Specialized Burns Hospital in the Medical City, Al-Kindi Teaching Hospital in Baghdad. The study was conducted from 1st December 2023 to 1st April 2024 and approved by ethical committees of Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology for Postgraduate Studies, University of Baghdad. Blood samples and data were collected to evaluate the level of IL-6 associated with bacterial infection for burn patients by RT-qPCR System. Results appeared that mean IL-6 percentages were significantly (P≤0.01) increased in burn patients as compared with control. The current study is consistent with other research as it shows no significant differences in IL-6 levels among patients with gram-positive, gram-negative, and mixed growth.

The Relative Change in Expression Level of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli -Associated Virulence Genes after Antibiotic Treatment

2025-08-09T21:17:23+02:00

This study aimed to determine which antibiotic is the most vulnerable and resistant to pathogen and to study the change of expression fold after antibiotic-treatment in compare to isolate without treatment by Reverse Transcription Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction RT-qPCR technique. A total of 55 samples with omphalitis symptoms in chicks in Baghdad province. These samples were cultivation, molecular analysis and antimicrobial susceptibility. Fifty isolates showed blue-black colonies on culture Eosin Methylene Blue and pink colonies on MacConkey agar and five isolates showed negative results. of Identification by PCR analysis for detection the 16S rRNA gene. The results of nucleotide sequencing were submitted in GenBank/NCBI database through accession number (OR142657.1). Antimicrobial susceptibility tested showed that the isolates were resistant to ampicillin, amikacin. Four E. coli out 50 isolate chosen for the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) exhibited by the ampicilin against tested E. coli bacteria, neomycin and combination of ampicillin and neomycin In particular, the result of gene expression the change in expression fold was analyzed using the Livak formula. The results showed that treatment with neomycin had a higher suppression effectiveness on the studied genes compared to ampicillin. Additionally, the combination treatment (Amp/Neo) did not exhibit a clear suppression effect on the genes, which could be attributed to the antagonistic action of ampicillin when used with neomycin.

Characterization of New Antibiotic Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates from Water Treatment Plants Using 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

2025-08-09T21:20:58+02:00

The World Health Organization has identified antibiotic resistance among bacteria as one of the most serious dangers to human health. This present study focuses on the isolation and identification of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli using 16S rRNA gene sequencing based on molecular techniques from water samples. Between September and December 2023, we collected fifty aseptic water samples from various water treatment plants in Baghdad city. A number of biochemical and molecular tests confirmed the isolation of Escherichia coli from the samples. Isolates has been placed into nutrient broth and cultured them on various agar media, such as MacConkey agar and EMB agar. For biochemical analysis, we used Gram's staining, string techniques, and Vitek. Using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique, we tested the antibiotic sensitivity of 45 Escherichia coli isolates to fourteen commonly prescribed antibiotics. The data indicates a significant variation in the percentage of antibiotic resistance among E. coli isolates across different regions. In some regions, such as medical cities, the resistance rate was very high for almost all antibiotics. Other regions, like Al-Rustaimiya Station, also exhibit a high resistance rate. We amplified and compared 16S rRNA gene sequences to the NCBI sequence database using primers. A study of the partial 16S rRNA sequence revealed that two new strains, HHWW and HS, were 100% similar to E. coli and had a lot in common with species in the genus Escherichia.

The Effect of Magnetic Water in Some Bio-Chemical Parameters when Exposure to UVC Radiation in Experimental Mice

2025-08-09T21:25:39+02:00

In this study (100) adult of albino mice aged (7-8) weeks were used, the mice are divided into four groups. The aim of this study is to review the scientific results of effect of Magnetic Water in white mice when exposure to UVC Radiation by measurements of some bio-chemical parameters such as Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and Glutathione reductase enzymes. The body weight of mice before and after administration of magnetic water (MW), there were significant differences between the females and males in four groups in other hand there were significant differences between the females in these groups also there were significant differences between the males, the results were shown that the animals after administration of magnetic water (MW) (after 14 days) were increased in weight. DHFR enzyme activity in testis/ovaries of mice had been shown no significant differences between females and males in control groups (before using UVC and after administration of magnetic water), there were significant differences between the females and males in four groups in other hand there were significant differences between the females in these groups also there were significant differences between the males. The results of Glutathione reductase enzyme had been shown no significant differences between females and males in four groups, there were significant differences between the females in four groups in other hand there were significant differences between the males in these groups. As conclusion that the magnetic water treatment is one of the most effective non-chemical methods to prevent scaling, corrosion and microbiological fouling in various industrial sectors.

In Vitro Synergistic Effect of CaO Nanoparticles and Naringenin to Inhibit Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Expression of lukE/D Genes

2025-08-09T21:29:07+02:00

The need to investigate therapeutic alternatives has increased due to the rise in bacterial infections that are resistant to antibiotics. One promising direction is the synergy between natural materials and nanoparticles, which can benefit various fields, including medicine, agriculture, and environmental science. Combination therapy is particularly relevant in the context of antimicrobial CaO nanoparticles with Naringenin on multidrug-resistant S. aureus. The current study studied the effect of treatments on the expression of luk/lukD in isolates collected from different samples. All isolates were identified as S. aureus according to morphological, cultural, biochemical, VITEK-2, and 16S rRNA. The study found that the isolates were resistant to Cefoxitin, Oxacillin, Erythromycin, Vancomycin, Clindamycin, Tetramycin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Imipenem, and Meropenem. CaO nanoparticles were prepared from eggshells using the milling method followed by calcination at 900 (^oC) and characterized by XRD, SEM, and TEM analysis. A qPCR assay was performed to evaluate the transcription level of lukE /lukD genes in S. aureus. The results showed a synergistic effect of CaO nanoparticles with Naringenin on multiresistant cocci.

Effect of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as Nutritional Additives on Growth Performance and Feed Efficiency in Cyprinus carpio L.

2025-08-09T21:33:10+02:00

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding different levels of Fe₂O₃ and ZnO nanoparticles to the diet of common carp fingerlings on their growth parameters, feed efficiency, and physical properties. A total of 182 fingerlings of common carp fish were used with uniform sizes and weight ranging from 7 to 10 g, regardless of sex. For 70 days, fish were fed with a diet containing 30% crude protein, to which nanoparticles were added at different levels. This experiment was conducted with seven treatments, including a control group with two replicates for each. Iron oxide nanoparticles and zinc oxide nanoparticles were added at varying concentrations to each treatment. Morphological characteristics were recorded for each replicate in each treatment every two weeks. The results demonstrated a significant improvement in weight gain, growth rate, and overall performance in all treatments compared to the control group. Specifically, the treatments fed with Fe₂O₃-NPs at 30 mg/kg (T2) and ZnO-NPs at 40 mg/kg (T5) showed highly significant improvements (P<0.01) In conclusion, both Fe₂O₃-NPs and ZnO-NPs effectively enhance growth performance and feed efficiency in Cyprinus carpio. These nanoparticles significantly improve weight gain and feed conversion, suggesting their potential to optimize growth and feed utilization in aquaculture.

Dental Root Canal Infections Caused by Enterococcus faecalis are Associated with Heart Valve Replacement Infections

2025-08-09T21:36:22+02:00

A common oral pathogen Enterococcus faecalis causes periodontitis and dental infections. Biofilms, gelatinase, lipoteichoic acid, cytolysin toxin, surface adhesions, and hyaluronic acid are key mechanisms of virulence for dental E. faecalis. Study aims to investigate the association between dental root canal infection with E. faecalis and heart valve replacement infections. It is also examined its susceptibility to antibiotics. A total of 120 samples were collected, 80 from patients with valve replacements suffering from dental caries and 40 from healthy individuals with dental caries only. 16 srRNA genes were used to identify E. faecalis and other species. A VITEK 2 system was used to test E. faecalis biochemical phenotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility. E. faecalis was the most prevalent species found in dental caries patients with valve replacements. E. faecalis isolates were 100% susceptible to ampicillin, while 66.6% to linolid and teicoplanin. E. faecalis strains are all resistant to vancomyin, but 33.3% to teicoplanin. Several infections related to heart valve replacement can be caused by the presence of E. faecalis in dental root canals. An antibiotic such as ampicillin is recommended for the treatment of a dental root infection caused by E. faecalis.

The Effect of Oxidative Stress and Some Biochemical Parameter in a Sample of Iraqi Chronic Renal Failure Patients in Baghdad Governorate

2025-08-09T21:40:11+02:00

The decrease ability of a biological system to resist the excessive generation of free radicals and reactive species is an indicator of oxidative stress. The kidney is a high metabolic organ more susceptible to oxidative damage stress because of its high level of oxidation processes inside the mitochondria. The study's aim the role of oxidative stress in Chronic kidney disease patients by evaluating malondialdehyde and glutathione in the serum and some biochemical parameters the study included blood samples from 120 patients were collected from chronic kidney disease in the end stage and arranged into the following two groups: Group 1 consists of 60 samples from chronic kidney disease patients, Group 2 of 60 samples controls who appear to be in healthy control people. Malondialdehyde and Glutathione determined by using ELISA Kit assay. The routine test includes serum urea, serum creatinine, sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphor were detected using an automatic biochemical analyzer. Malondialdehyde levels were noticeably higher significant increase with (p>0.01) between patients group and control, while Glutathione serum noticeably reduced significantly. The levels of urea, creatinine, phosphor and potassium in serum were showed high significant increase with (p>0.01) patients group compared to other control groups while the levels of calcium and sodium show low significant when compered patients group to other control groups It was concluded Glutathione was reduced signification in chronic kidney disease patients and associated with the negatively level of Malondialdehyde. This suggests that oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease patients is strongly influenced by antioxidants, mostly Glutathione.

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effect of Total Flavonoids from Cuscuta Campestris Yunck

2025-08-09T21:42:44+02:00

The present study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant and cytotoxicity of purify flavonoids that isolated from Cuscuta campestris. Three solvent (methanol, Dichloromethane, ethyalacetate) were used to extracted flavonoid.were measured(128.5,85.1,98.3 mg Rutin / 100 gm) respectively, the type and quantity of flavonoid were detected by HPLC .The result showed that the plant extract contains flavonoids (Rutin ,Qurcetine, Kaempferol, Apigenin, Luteolin) (124.0, 130.5, 80, 9, 58.7, 51.5) µg/gm respectively. The antioxidant activities of purify flavonoids of Cuscuta campestris were screened using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). the results revealed that the radical scavenging activity is effective and activity increase when the concentrations increase. The highest percentage of free radical scavenging is at of 200µg/mL (82.37) a concentration compared with control (13.20). Some species of Cuscuta possess anticancer activity on various cell lines (colon HT29, MCF10). Using MTT assay. The cytotoxic activity purify flavonoids extracted from Cuscuta campestris. The results showed that the administration of different doses (12.5,25,50,100,200) µg/mL after 72h of Cuscuta campestris resulted in decreased viability of(HT29) cells which have higher in inhibition rate compared with control (88.7,13.20) for HT29, MCF10 respectively. This plant may represent promising source of herbal treatment for colon cancer and is thus a safe and promising anticancer drug candidate.

Propagation GAC Fruit Plants in Vitro and Study Their Stability by ISSR Markers

2025-08-09T21:47:47+02:00

Genetic Stability analysis of in vitro cultivated GAC fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) from the Horticulture Department station using ISSR markers. These are difficult to apply for breeding, resulting in limited availability. Resulting in a lack of seed availability. However, tissue culture allows the development of micropropagate variations, especially in plantlets undergoing several subculture stages. This study aimed to identify somaclonal variations in GAC fruit seedlings generated from in vitro culture using Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. Two accessions were used in this study consisting of GAC fruit grown in its original environment and in vitro cultured. Total of five primers, of which four primers detected polymorphisms among the population. This study resulted in a somewhat similar genetic similarity among the GAC fruit. The genetic diversity of GAC fruit plants propagated by in vitro culture had a similarity level of 92%, showing somaclonal variations in vitro culture

Antibacterial Activity of Phosphangold(I) Thiolate and Enhancing Activity in Combination with Available Antibiotics Against Staphylococcus aureus

2025-08-09T21:51:24+02:00

With the widespread increase of bacterial resistance to available antibiotics and the lack of resources for the discovery of new classes of antibiotics, the multidrug-resistant S. aureus has become a global concern. The methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been reported as a serious threat in health settings. There is now a strong demand for new antibacterial agents as only a few antibiotics can combat MRSA infections. This article aims to in vitro investigate the antibacterial properties of new (phosphanegold(I) thiolate) compounds against S. aureus strains. The disc diffusion method was applied as a preliminary screening method of the gold compounds against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In contrast, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and time-killing assay methods were carried out to investigate the antibacterial activity of selected compounds against different Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) species. Moreover, combinations of available antibiotics and selected (phosphanegold(I) thiolate) compound were investigated using the checkerboard method. Two out of five compounds belong to phosphangold(I) thiolate named 3F2 and 3F3 were showing antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, predominantly Staphylococcus aureus strains with MIC values within the range from 4 µg/mL- 8 µg/mL and 30 µg/mL – 60 µg/mL, respectively. Only 3F2 was exhibited good and promising antibacterial activity against different S.aureus strains including MRSA strains. Additionally, the 3F2 was exhibited synergistic activity and positive drug interaction when combine with ciprofloxacin at sub-inhibitory concentration. These findings suggested that the new investigated phosphanegold(I) thiolate, mainly 3F2 compound, may have great potential to act as an antibacterial agent with action against Gram-positive bacteria that mainly prevent or control MRSA infection's growth. Thus, further investigations are needed to fully understand the mechanism of action of tested (phosphanegold(I) thiolate against S.aureus.

Investigation of the Proliferation Effect of Quinine on Rhabdomyosarcoma Cell Line by Using Cytotoxic Activities and Molecular Docking Techniques

2025-08-09T21:54:51+02:00

Quinine, a classic antimalarial agent, in recent years has attracted attention for its anticancer activity. In this study, we examined the cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects of Quinine against the Rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cell line and an exploration of its interaction with the major proteins overexpressed in this cancer. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated using the MTT assay, which indicated a dose-dependent, significant inhibition of RD cell growth, as represented by an IC₅₀ value of 39.3µg/ml at a 24-hour treatment time. Morphological changes in line with cytotoxic effect were also observed. Additional molecular docking analysis was also conducted to estimate the binding affinity of Quinine with some proteins implicated in the pathogenesis of Rhabdomyosarcoma. The in silico data showed that Quinine could inhibit the activity of these proteins, and it could be the reason behind its antiproliferative activity. The observation is preliminary evidence of the therapeutic potential of Quinine against Rhabdomyosarcoma and needs more mechanistic and in vivo studies.

Toll-Like Receptor 9 Serum Level and Genetic Polymorphism Linked with Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus Among Iraqi Patients

2025-08-09T21:57:38+02:00

The rising incidence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) globally attaining epidemic levels and is emerging as a significant public health concern. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immune system receptors that facilitate the inflammation in diabetic mellitus disorder. The study evaluates the relationship between rs352139 SNP in TLR9 gene in patients with T2DM in Iraq, and its effect on TLR9 level in those patients. This study included 60 T2DM cases and 40 apparently healthy controls. The SNP were identified using Sanger sequencing for rs352139. Current findings indicated a significant elevation in TLR9 levels in T2DM patients compared to healthy people (1.182± 0.76 versus 0.836 ± 0.74 ng /ml, p ≤ 0.05). T2DM risk factors include AA, GG genotypes in comparison with controls (40% versus 22.5%; P = 0.009; OR = 2.30 and 40% versus 20%; p = 0.005; OR 2.67). Patients carrying the AG and GG genotypes, had higher Serum concentrations of TLR9 in comparison with the control group (1.13 ± 0.26 versus 0.79 ± 0.18 ng/ml; 1.22 ± 0.18 versus 0.71 ± 0.16 ng/ml) respectively. This study indicate a risk association between rs352139 and T2DM. Also, rs352139 increase TLR9 serum level in patients with T2DM.